Some thoughts on the editing process...

When I heard that we had to peer edit Dr. McCormick's 101 students, I was pretty excited. As someone who aspires to become a college level English professor, it seemed like a great way to get a small glimpse into one aspect of the profession. It also showed me different people's writing processes. You could tell from reading their drafts if they had done sufficient research, or had done some pre-writing for structure and organization. I had some previous experience doing peer review through my ENG 220-Seminar in Teaching Writing course. So I was already prepared for being critical of someone's work in a positive and constructive manner. This was important as I could tell from one of my student's blogs that she was a solid, confident writer and because of this she may not have been as receptive to criticism as someone who is aware of a deficiency. I tried to remain as honest as possible, but I was certainly mindful of the language I used to critique her draft and I made a concerted effort only to point out major issues such as lack of analysis for a quote. I didn't feel that apprehensive about my ability to critique or the way it could be interpreted by the students. I really did try to be as constructive as possible so that not only would I benefit from the editing process but the students I reviewed would be able to write a better draft as they go through their revisions.

As for how this experience will effect my own work, I think it will definitely allow me o be more critical of my work. I too am confident in my writing ability and at times this can be an obstacle in the editing process. In the past I tended not to do a lot of revision, instead opting to write a first draft, doing some minor editing such as spell check, and then submitting that draft as is. Only after my draft has been reviewed by the professor would I then go back and tweak my paper. However, I have learned that this is not necessarily the best way to approach writing. Since I would also like to do some creative writing in the future, I clearly see the benefits to peer review and a more critical self-editing process. By editing my own papers more thoroughly, I can see if my paper is starting to become too broad or losing focus. I can also keep my thesis loose, allowing it to evolve as I write my paper. Going forward with editing my research paper, I think I will be more open to rewriting or rethinking certain elements. I also have given my paper to a couple of fellow students to gauge their ideas on what I could improve or refocus. All in all, I truly enjoyed this experience and feel that both parties will benefit greatly from it.

New Direction...First 6 pages so far

In his 2006 speech at the annual TED conference, Sir Ken Robinson expressed the notion that “creativity now is as important in education as literacy, and we should treat it with the same status” (2006). During the last century in the United States, the focus in education has been on standardized test scores, rote memorization and regurgitation while actively neglecting the importance of creativity in the classroom. Recently, the trend in education has been the emphasis on mathematics and the sciences. In the wake of budget crises, educational programs such as the federal Race to the Top program, and the influence of films such as Waiting for Superman, the arts and creativity have been all but eliminated from the educational landscape. It is my contention that creativity through the arts and humanities needs to be returned to its rightful place in the classroom, as it has been shown to lead to greater academic and personal success. Education should encourage and foster creativity in students, not stifle it in the hopes of elevating achievement in other subject areas.
For many people, creativity and education are seen as being as separate as oil and water. They do not believe that the arts and creativity have a place in the modern classroom as we must strive to remain competitive in this rapidly advancing technological world. Educators and administrators stress that in order to compete with other industrial powers, we must achieve greater academic success in math and science, subjects that have a clear and defined correlation to computers and technology. Yet, the connection between the arts, creativity, math and science is generally overlooked or underestimated. For example, there have been numerous studies on the link between classical music and math test scores. A study by Hedden in 1971 showed that students who practiced classical piano performed higher on standardized math exams. It concluded that the creativity needed to interpret classical music pieces helped to stimulate higher level problem solving in the brain, which in turn had an effect on the student's abilities to perform better on the tests. So it can be argued that creativity and the arts do in fact have merit in the modern classroom and will serve to help students in their study of math and science.
There are a few misconceptions about creativity, which may have attributed to its declining influence in education. The first misconception is that only a few people are really creative. In actuality, it has been shown that we all possess the potential for creativity. As such, the emphasis on creativity in education who need to focused on everybody, not just a select few. The second misconception is that creativity is limited to its application to the arts and humanities. Traditionally, people have associated
creativity with the arts only. However, creativity encompasses everything we do. From math and science to music and art to writing and the social sciences, creativity plays a vital, often unseen, role in the education of our children. Creativity in the classroom should be worked into the whole curriculum, not just limited to the arts and fringe subjects. The third misconception about creativity in education is that it is just a New Age, impractical theory while it is actually a disciplined process that requires
skill, knowledge, and control. While, it is true that creativity requires imagination and inspiration, it also requires discipline to reign it in and hone it for practical use, such as a computer programmer working on a video game who must think creatively in order to come up with new game concepts yet must have restraint and discipline in order to work within specific parameters and meet deadlines for production.
The first misconception that not all people have the capacity for creativity is a source of major contention, particularly in the constant battle to increase funding for the arts while avoiding major cuts to arts education programs. In New York City for example, the Department of Education cut funding for arts programs by 68% since the 2006-2007 school year (Kreinin-Souccar 2010). The rationale behind such a large cut in arts funding was that not all students would benefit from arts education and that the focus should be on meeting the educational requirements set forth by the federal government. As New York City Councilman Robert Jackson, chair of the education committee noted “A frame work that emphasizes test scores has resulted in a significant diversion of resources away from arts education. The real irony is that students with access to arts education have been shown to produce superior academic achievement on standardized tests, the very goal that is being pursued” (Kreinin-Souccar 2010). It can be argued that if the education system wants all children to achieve greater success in math and science, then all children should have equal access to arts education in order to foster their creativity. Arts programs should not be relegated to specialized schools such as the LaGuardia High School for the Performing Arts or the High School For Visual Arts, they should be a part of the core curriculum of every public school starting with primary education all the way through higher learning institutions such as community colleges and universities. This way all students can gain from exposure to creativity, which they can then apply to their traditional studies where in hopefully this exposure will continue to show increased academic performance.
The second misconception about creativity is that it is limited in scope, mainly to the arts and humanities. The application of creativity in mathematics might sound like a foreign concept but is an idea that has been around for quite some time. Noted mathematician Augustus De Morgan once stated that “the moving power of mathematical invention is not reasoning but imagination” (Mann 2006). The notion that math and science have no room for creativity would have been absurd to early mathematicians and scientists. After all, it took imagination and creativity for a physicist like Sir Issac Newton to develop his theories on gravity. Creativity was at the center of Einstein’s work on the Theory of Relativity. One of the greatest scientific minds of all time and visionary inventor Leonardo Da Vinci was a classically trained artist and it was his ability to think creatively and out of the box that led to inventions such as his flying machine, parachute, and armored car, all of which were way ahead of their time. So it should be seen as natural to pair the arts and creativity in the classroom with math and science. Yet the exact opposite is happening.
Arts and creativity also have a place in world of business as well. Not only can arts education lead to creativity in math and science, but it can help increase overall problem solving skills. This is an asset that is highly sought after in the private sector. In an interview with the journal Educational Leadership, Sir Ken Robinson told columnist Amy Azzam “I work a lot with Fortune 500 companies, and they’re always saying, 'We need people who can be innovative, who can think creatively'”(Azzam 2009). This ability to use innovation and creativity in the boardroom can help companies remain competitive in their industries. It can also help an individual excel in their chosen profession, which is part of the goal of many in the field of education. So then, the question of why it is so hard for educators and administrators to connect the dots and ensure that creativity has a place in education is beyond me. It would seem that they would be clamoring to have an increase in funding and growth in arts education, but sadly this is not the case in the current educational climate.
The emphasis on success in standardized testing has increased in the last decade. As a result, it has had a detrimental, but not irreversible, effect on arts education. As more and more school districts across the United States concern themselves with the intense competition for federal funding, the focus has been on increasing student's performance on mandated standardized examinations. In her book, Contradictions of School Reform: Educational Costs of Standardized Testing, author Linda McNeil suggests that standardized testing has been the impetus behind major cuts to arts funding in schools across the nation. She goes on to state “Federal requirements in compulsory subjects such as mathematics, science and reading comprehension have lead school systems to drop programs in the performing and visual arts in order to fund remedial and preparatory courses strictly to compete for funding. The cuts to arts programs are almost never revisited” (McNeil 35). The fact that schools would decrease funding for or simply eliminate arts programs only to apply for greater funding is not the most troubling part of this problem. What is most troubling is that once these funds have been earned, that this new influx of money is not utilized to restore the arts programs. It creates a vicious cycle in which funds for arts and creativity have been all but eviscerated from most schools' curricula solely to secure greater funding, with the purpose of achieving higher test scores, which in turn leads to more funding, and so on.

Updated 2nd Draft

Here's the most recent draft of my research paper. I have focused the paper more on the importance of creativity in the classroom, rather than just on the 4 educators and their techniques.

In his 2006 speech at the annual TED conference, Sir Ken Robinson expressed the notion that “creativity now is as important in education as literacy, and we should treat it with the same status” (2006). Throughout the history of education in the Western world, the focus has been on standardized, regimented teaching methods, allowing for rote memorization and regurgitation while actively neglecting the importance of creativity in the classroom. In the mid to late 20th Century, there came to be a new generation of educators who came up with innovative and revolutionary educational theories and techniques, which placed an emphasis on fostering creativity and looking for new ways to teach students the basic subjects such as language arts, mathematics and the sciences. It is my contention that creativity needs to be returned to its rightful place in the classroom, as it has been shown to lead to greater academic and personal success, in contrast to the current educational system which has led to academic stagnation and the suppression of creativity. Education should in fact encourage students to be creative, yet it is often just a vehicle to turn creative children into conforming adults, with the cost being the loss of our inquisitive and creative natures.

The educational system found in the Western world during the early 20th Century was based on the belief that standardization and regimentation would lead to greater academic success while creating a more efficient teaching corps. The government administrators in charge of education were greatly influenced by the Industrial Revolution and the concepts that came from it, such as the assembly line method, in which an item is moved down an assembly line with each worker on responsible only for his specific task. In the educational system, the child would be passed down the assembly line, with the educators doing only what they were tasked to do. The focus of these educators was on preparing students for careers, either in the managerial and clerical sides of manufacturing or to have enough knowledge to enter the labor force with the ability to read, act professionally, and take direction well. There was no room for creativity and the study of the creative subjects such as art and music were seen as being frivolous expenditures. Once education became compulsory, the administrators began looking for a way to streamline the educational system, making vast budget cuts to those departments and subjects which would not directly prepare the students for entry into the work force.

Prior to World War II, they were a few progressives who began to voice their disenchantment with the current educational system. This number began to grow exponentially during the cultural revolution of the 1960s. The United States in the 1960s was going through a cultural shift in which young people began embracing Eastern philosophies and new age teachings as a way to open their minds to their creative forces. During this change in the culture, there arose a group of educators who began to question the current system and started to develop ideas to innovate and revolutionize the classroom experience and bring creativity back to the forefront of education. As noted psychologist Jean Piaget states, “The principle goal of education is to create students who are capable of doing new things, not simply of repeating what other generations have done - students who are creative, inventive and discoverers”(Piaget 247). The changes brought upon by this new generation of teachers opened the door to radical thought and discourse in the classroom which allowed educators to experiment with new teaching techniques, such as the incorporation of meditation, that would not only prepare students academically but would challenge them by bringing out their long stifled creativity.

In the field of English education, one educator stands out for his visionary take on teaching writing, by emphasizing creativity in the classroom. Author and teacher James Moffett was and is still regarded as a revolutionary guiding force in writing and language arts education for his new age approach to what had become a subject devoid of creativity as it had become focused strictly on meeting basic writing requirements. As Moffett himself states in the preface of his book Active Voices, “Originality is the essence of true scholarship. Creativity is the soul of the true scholar”(Moffett 4). His work influenced teachers not only of his generation but also those that followed, and led to many innovations in the field of teaching writing. His ideas differed greatly from the previous ideology of focusing on spelling, grammar, and formatted composition writing such as the 5 paragraph theme. Moffett's concepts such as the four levels of discourse, a focus on discourse in the writing process, inner speech vs outer speech, and incorporating meditation into the writing process were radically new in the educational field. These concepts so impressed and inspired English teachers and professors that when introduced by Moffett, mimeograph copies of his curricula were secretly made and distributed within the circle of English and language arts educators.

Essay Map

Here's a general outline/essay map that will help me frame the organizational structure of my research paper.

General Introduction
Historical Context Information
Introduction to James Moffett
Explanation of Moffett's Theories and Techniques
Analysis and Results of Moffett's Approach
Introduction to Paulo Freire
Explanation of Freire's Theories and Techniques
Analysis and Results of Freire's Theories and Techniques
Introduction to Jaime Escalante
Explanation of Escalante's Theories and Techniques
Analysis and Results and Escalanate's Theories and Techniques
Introduction to Geoffrey Canada
Explanation of Canada's Theories and Techniques
Analysis and Results of Canada's Theories and Techniques
Detailed Comparison between the 4 Educators
Discussion of the Current State of Education and Whether or not the Theories and Techniques of the 4 Educators Have Been Applied in Other Environments
Conclusion
Works Cited

Preliminary Draft of Research Paper

In his 2006 speech at the annual TED conference, Sir Ken Robinson expressed the notion that “creativity now is as important in education as literacy, and we should treat it with the same status” (2006). Throughout the history of education in the Western world, the focus has been on standardized, regimented teaching methods, allowing for rote memorization and regurgitation while actively neglecting the importance of creativity in the classroom. In the mid to late 20th Century, there came to be a new generation of educators who came up with innovative and revolutionary educational theories and techniques, which placed an emphasis on fostering creativity and looking for new ways to teach students the basic subjects such as language arts, mathematics and the sciences. This paper will focus on four key educators and their contributions to the modern educational landscape: James Moffett, Paulo Freire, Jaime Escalante and Geoffrey Canada. It will examine the innovations made by each of these pioneers and illustrate how their implementation has lead to greater academic and personal success, in contrast to the archaic educational system it was preceded by, which led to academic stagnation and the suppression of creativity.
The educational system found in the Western world during the early 20th Century was based on the belief that standardization and regimentation would lead to greater academic success while creating a more efficient teaching corps. Those in charge of children's education were greatly influenced by the Industrial Revolution and the successes that sprung from concepts such as the assembly line method. The focus of education was on preparing students for careers, either in the managerial and clerical sides of manufacturing or to have enough knowledge to enter the labor force with the ability to read, act professionally, and take direction well. There was no room for creativity and the study of the creative subjects such as art and music were seen as being frivolous expenditures. Once education became compulsory, administrators began looking for a way to streamline the educational system, making budget cuts first to those departments and subject which would not directly prepare the students for entry into the work force.
Prior to the World War II, they were a few progressives who began to voice their disenchantment with the current educational system. Prominent educators such as John Dewey, of the University of Chicago, attempted to make profound changes to the system, with varying degrees of success. However, after the war, the country once again became quite conservative and this filtered down into the educational system as well. A prominent school of thought, known as the administrative progressives came into power in the formation of the American educational system. They believed in a centralized, bureaucratic system in which control was stripped from the local school boards and granted to larger bodies often in charge of entire cities and regions. A hierarchy was established in which even these regional bodies had to answer to bureaucrats on the state and federal levels. The administrative progressives are responsible for many features of modern American education, especially high schools: career counseling programs, the move from many small local high schools to large centralized high schools, rigid curricula focusing on grammar, reading and rudimentary arithmetic and other forms of standardization. It can be argued that these so called “progressive” reformers replaced a varied and often times challenging liberal arts curriculum with ever-lower standards and indoctrination, particularly in inner-city schools, which thereby prevented the great majority of students from achieving their full potential.
During the cultural revolution of the 1960s, many educators began to question the system and started to develop ideas to innovate and revolutionize education. Many of the implemented reforms in the United States education system stemmed from the Civil Rights Movement and other social issues at the time including the end of racial segregation, the introduction of affirmative action, and banning of school prayer. These changes opened the door to radical thought in the classroom and allowed for educators to experiment with new teaching techniques that would not only prepare students academically but would challenge them and bring out their creativity to the forefront. We will begin to explore these educators and the profound and lasting effect their methods and theories have had on the American educational system.
In the field of writing, one educator stands out for his visionary approach to turning the world of English education on its head and building the foundation for the teaching methods employed today. Author and educator James Moffett revolutionized writing and language arts education for elementary, secondary and higher learning institutions. His work influenced teaching and led to many innovations in the educational field of teaching writing. Moffett's ideas differed greatly from the previous ideology of focusing on spelling, grammar, and formatted composition writing such as the 5 paragraph theme. Concepts such as the four levels of discourse, a focus on discourse in the writing process, inner speech vs outer speech, and incorporating meditation into the writing process were new to the educational field and impressed and inspired English teachers and professors when introduced by Moffett.

Sample Introductory Paragraph

In his 2006 speech at the annual TED conference, Sir Ken Robinson expressed the notion that “creativity now is as important in education as literacy, and we should treat it with the same status” (2006). Throughout the history of education in the Western world, the focus has been on standardized, regimented teaching methods, allowing for rote memorization and regurgitation while actively neglecting the importance of creativity in the classroom. In the mid to late 20th Century, there came to be a new generation of educators who came up with innovative and revolutionary educational theories and techniques, which placed an emphasis on fostering creativity and looking for new ways to teach students the basic subjects such as language arts, mathematics and the sciences. This paper will focus on four key educators and their contributions to the modern educational landscape: James Moffett, Paulo Freire, Jaime Escalante and Geoffrey Canada. It will examine the innovations made by each of these pioneers and illustrate how their implementation has lead to greater academic and personal success, in contrast to the archaic educational system it was preceded by, which led to academic stagnation and the suppression of creativity.

My Annotated Bibliogrpahy: A Work In Progress

Annotated Bibliography

1. Moffett, James. A Student-Centered Language Arts Curriculum, Grades K-13. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1973.

This is Moffett's handbook detailing his approach to teaching writing. In it he explains his theories on the student-centered approach and techniques he developed while at Phillips Exeter Academy.

2. Andrews, Richard. "Moffett and Rhetoric." Changing English: Studies in Culture & Education 17.3 (2010): 251-260. Academic Search Complete. EBSCO. Web. 4 Oct. 2010.

This is an article I found on EBSCOhost through the library database. It was recently published in September 2010 and discusses Moffett's use of rhetoric and discourse in his attempt to change English teaching from a standardized, regimented system to one allowing for techniques that were normally reserved for higher education.

3. Timpson, William M. "Paulo Freire." Educational Leadership 45.5 (1988): 62. MasterFILE Premier. EBSCO. Web. 4 Oct. 2010.

This is another article I found on EBSCOhost through the library database. This article discusses the views of noted Brazilian educator Paulo Friere and his thoughts about student empowerment and overcoming student apathy. Freire was one of the educators highlighted along with Moffett in my ENG220: Seminar in Teaching Writing Course.

4. Freire, Paulo. "Banking Concept of Education." (n.d.): CUNY+ Online Catalog. EBSCO. Web. 4 Oct. 2010.

This is Freire's seminal article in which he outlines what he refers to as the “banking” concept of education, in which teachers are seen as the depositors and the students as the depositories. He decries this methodology and the teacher-student dichotomy and feels that a system in which the power hierarchy is removed and allows for problem-posing instead of rote memorization is best for students' success.

5. Escalante, Jaime, and Jack Dirmann. "The Jaime Escalante Math Program." Journal of Negro Education 59.3 (1990): 407-23. ERIC. EBSCO. Web. 4 Oct. 2010.

This journal article I found on JSTOR discusses the success of Escalante's math program which he developed as a teacher at Garfield High School in East Los Angeles, California. It also outlines the principle elements of Escalante's all encompassing teaching method.

6. Meek, Anne. "On Creating Ganas: A Conversation with Jaime Escalante." Educational Leadership 46.5 (1989): 46. MasterFILE Premier. EBSCO. Web. 4 Oct. 2010.

This article is an interview with Escalante, in which he discusses his views on teaching and gives an overivew of his teaching methods and techniques for increasing the success of minority students in mathematics.

7. Exum, Kaitlen J. "Canada, Geoffrey." Current Biography 66.2 (2005): 9. MasterFILE Premier. EBSCO. Web. 4 Oct. 2010.

This article is a profile of educator Geoffrey Canada, well known for his work at the Harlem Children's Zone, a community based organization which combines the worlds of education, social services and community building in order to increase academic success for minority and poverty stricken students. The article details the theories behind Canada's approach since taking over as president of the organization.

8. Paul Tough. "The Harlem Project:After nearly a decade of welfare reform and small-bore anti-poverty programs, Geoffrey Canada has a radical new thesis: If you really want to change the lives of inner-city kids, change everything -- their schools, their families, their neighborhood -- all at once..." New York Times (1923-Current file) 20 Jun2004,ProQuest Historical Newspapers The New York Times (1851 – 2007), ProQuest. Web. 4 Oct. 2010.

This article is an in-depth look at the Harlem Children's Zone and its president Geoffrey Canada. It discusses the success of the program and looks at Canada's theory that in order to achieve academic success you must take a holistic approach and work on both the internal and external factors of a child's life.

I am still looking for two more sources, perhaps in new media such as a Youtube video or blog, since I would like to incorporate these in my research paper. I have not used these forms of media before for the purposes of an academic paper, so I am looking forward to see what I can utilize.